About the Study Program
The Master of Information Systems and Technology Study Program (Prodi) has a vision of "To become a leading and superior Information Systems and Technology science development study program in Indonesia and recognized internationally and to play an active role in efforts to advance and improve the welfare of the nation." To support this vision, the mission of the Master of Information Systems and Technology Study Program is as follows:
- Organizing higher education and continuing education in the field of Information Systems and Technology.
- .Keeping up to date (maintaining) the latest (Following (maintaining) the state of the art and developing Electrical Engineering knowledge through innovative research activities) and developing Information Systems and Technology science through innovative research activities.
- Disseminating knowledge, technology and views/insights on Information Systems and Technology to the community, either through graduates, partnerships with industry or other institutions or through community service activities in order to form a technologically wise society.
General Description & Curriculum
- Graduates will have critical, innovative, and professional thinking aspects to compete globally in the field of Information Systems and Technology.
- Graduates will play a role in developing professionalism in a sustainable manner or successfully continuing their studies to the next level.
- Graduates will have the ability to learn continuously in managing research and innovation activities in the field of Information Systems and Technology, or business development driven by Information Systems and Technology.
Graduate Outcomes of the Study Program
- Students are able to evaluate Information Systems and Technology and provide recommendations for continuous improvement and innovation.
- Students are able to develop knowledge and technology through research and innovation activities in the field of Information Systems and Technology.
- Students are able to communicate effectively in professional and academic contexts at national and international levels.
Options or Preferred Paths
Research and Profession Caster
- Information System Cluster
- Trusted and Smart System Cluster
- Privacy and Digital Forensics Cluster
- Smart Education Technology Cluster
- Digital Services Transformation Cluster
- Digital Security Cluster
Curriculum Structure
The curriculum for the Master of Information Systems and Technology Study Program is designed to be completed within 4 (four) semesters with a minimum of 54 credits, with the following details:
- ITB Compulsory Courses (MKWI): 7 credits
- Compulsory Study Program Courses (MKWP): 18 credits
- Thesis Course: 10 credits
- Elective Courses (MKPB): 19 credits
The Master's Program in Information Systems and Technology does not have any electives. After completing all required courses, students can take elective courses tailored to their professional needs, interests, or thesis research plan or project.
Curriculum Structure of Courses in the Master of Information Systems and Technology Study Program:
| No | Code | Course name | sks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | WI7001 | Literasi Digital, AI, dan Etika Akademik | 2 |
| 2 | II5090 | Research Methodology | 3 |
| 3 | II5001 | Infrastruktur dan Platform Cerdas | 3 |
| 4 | II5002 | Paradigma Sistem | 3 |
| 5 | II5003 | Aplikasi AI | 3 |
| 6 | Choice | 4 | |
| Total | 18 | ||
| No | Code | Course name | sks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II5004 | Digital Security and Privacy | 3 |
| 2 | II5005 | Data Science | 3 |
| 3 | II5006 | Strategi dan Transformasi Digital | 3 |
| 4 | II5091 | Thesis 1 | 4 |
| 5 | Choice | 4 | |
| Total | 17 | ||
| No | Code | Course name | sks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II6091 | Thesis 2 | 6 |
| 2 | Choice | 4 | |
| 3 | Choice | 4 | |
| 4 | Choice | 3 | |
| Total | 17 | ||
| No | Code | Course name | sks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II6099 | Master's Session | 2 |
| 2 | |||
| 3 | |||
| 4 | |||
| Total | 2 | ||
Registration and Selection of New Students
General Information
The registration schedule for prospective students of the Master Program in Informatics follows the Graduate Program Admission Schedule of ITB for Semester I of the 2025/2026 academic year, which can be accessed at: https://admission.itb.ac.id/info/program-magister/.
The Master of Informatics study program for the 2025/2026 academic year is only open for odd semester registration, and for the opening of the 2026/2027 academic year, registration information can be accessed around February or March 2026.
Specifically for the MBR program of the Master of Informatics Study Program, selection of prospective MBR students is carried out based on documents, written exams, and interviews, namely:
- Selection based on documents:
- TPA & TOEFL scores follow ITB regulations.
- Educational background in Science and Engineering (S1 diploma).
- Portfolio listing publications within 5 years, 5 years of research experience, graduation honors (minimum GPA 3.0), experience in research institutions, and curriculum vitae.
- Draft research proposal that has been discussed and approved by prospective supervisors from the Informatics Masters Study Program.
- Recommended by the prospective supervisor. The prospective supervisor's recommendation contains an assessment based on observations regarding the prospective student's quality (Article 12, paragraph 3 of the Rector's Regulation) and the prospective student's research track record. The supervisor may recommend the prospective student if they have published at least a paper in international conference proceedings, or at least have research content in their undergraduate final project, or have research experience deemed to be of a higher level.
- A written exam specifically assesses basic competency in Informatics. This is the same as the regular pathway. For MBR students, this exam can be used to confirm their undergraduate degree.
- Wawancara (mencakup presentasi draft proposal riset)
- Interview team (minimum 3 people): head of study program/representative + prospective supervisor + selection team members.
- Wawancara menilai kesiapan mahasiswa melakukan penelitian mandiri, dan penentuan kelayakan mahasiswa mengikuti mata kuliah secara mandiri terutama untuk mata kuliah wajib prodi.
Calon mahasiswa dinyatakan lulus seleksi jalur MBR jika memenuhi syarat untuk lulus seleksi jalur reguler (TPA, TOEFL, latar belakang pendidikan Sains dan Teknik, tes tulis), memiliki draft proposal yang telah ditandatangani calon pembimbing, dan direkomendasikan oleh calon pembimbing. Peran pembimbing dalam proses seleksi sangat besar, terutama karena rekomendasi hanya dapat diberikan setelah mengevaluasi potensi calon mahasiswa berdasarkan portofolio dan pengamatan selama diskusi draft proposal riset.
Specifically for PISM students who will take part in the MBR program, there are the following requirements:
- At the end of semester 7, there is a recommendation from the undergraduate supervisor.
- Topik penelitian Tesis harus merupakan kelanjutan dari topik penelitian S1.
- At least one member of the Master's Thesis supervisory team is part of the Bachelor's TA supervisory team.
ITB Undergraduate – Masters Unification Program
New Student Admission Consultation Services
Bagi calon mahasiswa pascasarjana dan Non Reguler yang ingin berkonsultasi tentang administrasi penerimaan mahasiswa baru di ITB, dapat berkonsultasi melalui Zoom sesuai informasi di tautan berikut ini: https://admission.itb.ac.id/home/kontak
Jadwal konsultasi: Selasa dan Kamis pukul 13:30–14:30 WIB.
Other Information
Registration and Selection of New Students
- General requirements can be found at the following address: https://admission.itb.ac.id/home/
- Additional requirements: When registering online, all prospective students must have passed the ELPT score held by ITB.
- ITB ELPT score ≥ 77
- Bappenas TPA score ≥ 475.
Schedule and Materials for Semester II 2025/2026 Selection Wave 1 Registration
| No | information | Test Material |
|---|---|---|
| Written Test Selection | ||
| 1 | Written Test Material for Sub Study Programs: 1. Information Systems Research and Profession Cluster 2. Trusted and Smart System Research and Profession Cluster 3. Digital Privacy and Forensics Research and Profession Cluster 4. Smart Educational Technology Research and Profession Cluster 5. Digital Service Transformation Research and Profession Cluster 6. Digital Security Research and Profession Cluster |
|
| Test Date | December 5, 2025 | |
| Time | 08.30 – 09.30 WIB | |
| Implementation | Offline | |
| Place | Will be delivered via WAG | |
| Interview Test Selection | ||
| 2 | Test Date | December 5, 2025 |
| Time | Will be delivered via WAG | |
| Implementation | Offline | |
| Place | Will be delivered via WAG |
Notes:
WAG will be created after registration closes and WAG link will be sent
If you have any questions about this program, you can contact:
Sdr. Lili Sulaeman Yusup
E-Mail: lili@itb.ac.id
Telp: 0822-2999-6573
Participant Requirements
Requirements: Prospective students of the Master of Information Systems and Technology Program must come from the fields of Science and Engineering, including but not limited to Informatics, Computer Science, Information Systems, Information Technology, Information Systems and Technology, as well as other relevant fields, from accredited or equivalent domestic or foreign universities.
Details of the requirements can be accessed at the following link: https://admission.itb.ac.id/info/program-magister/
PPSM
Program Penyatuan Sarjana Magister (PPSM) memiliki sasaran meningkatkan jumlah mahasiswa Program Sarjana ITB yang melanjutkan studi di Program Magister dengan masa studi sesuai target program integrasi. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mencapai salah satu target indikator Renstra ITB 2021–2025 yang ingin dicapai pada tahun 2025, yaitu persentase jumlah mahasiswa Pascasarjana sebesar 40%.
Berdasarkan pemenuhan kompetensi dasar computing, terdapat skema umum atau penyatuan Sarjana–Magister serumpun dan tidak serumpun dengan Program Studi Magister Informatika, yang dibagi dalam tiga kategori sebagai berikut:
- Linear, for undergraduate students who have met all basic competencies. Based on the curriculum, undergraduate programs that meet these requirements are those from STEI-K (Informatics Engineering and Information Systems & Technology).
- Semi-linear, for undergraduate students who have fulfilled some of the basic competencies. Based on the curriculum, the undergraduate programs that fulfill this requirement are those from STEI-R (Electrical Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering).
- Non-linear, for undergraduate students who do not yet have basic competencies. Other study programs outside of STEI can generally be categorized as non-linear, except for those that have basic competencies. computing. Evaluasi terhadap prodi di luar lingkungan STEI apakah termasuk dalam kategori semi-linier atau tidak linier akan dilakukan per kasus pada saat mahasiswa prodi S1 yang terkait mendaftar pada program ini.
Tabel Kompetensi Dasar Computing
| Basic competencies | Description |
|---|---|
| Programming |
|
| Database |
|
| Discrete Mathematics |
|
| Computer System |
|
Struktur Mata Kuliah Prodi Magister Informatika PPSM sebagai berikut.
Mahasiswa PPSM wajib melaksanakan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan, yaitu pelaksanaan TA di program sarjana dan Tesis di program magister dengan topik yang berkelanjutan sehingga merupakan bagian dari pekerjaan/penelitian di area yang sama. Berkaitan dengan kategori peserta program PPSM, aturan untuk melaksanakan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan didefinisikan sebagai berikut:
- Linear: mahasiswa wajib melaksanakan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan dengan topik dan pembimbing yang sama.
- Semi-linear: mahasiswa disarankan melaksanakan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan dengan topik yang dimungkinkan bersifat multidisiplin dengan bidang program sarjana mahasiswa yang bersangkutan dan dengan tim pembimbing yang dapat berasal dari prodi sarjana mahasiswa yang bersangkutan dan dari Prodi Magister Informatika. Namun jika tidak, maka mahasiswa wajib melaksanakan TA dengan topik di bidang komputasi, walaupun tidak berkelanjutan dengan topik tesis di Prodi Magister Informatika dan dapat dilaksanakan dengan pembimbing yang berbeda.
- Non-linear: mahasiswa disarankan melaksanakan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan dengan topik yang dimungkinkan bersifat multidisiplin dengan bidang program sarjana mahasiswa yang bersangkutan dan dengan tim pembimbing yang dapat berasal dari prodi sarjana mahasiswa yang bersangkutan dan dari Prodi Magister Informatika. Namun jika tidak, maka mahasiswa disarankan mengambil topik TA di bidang komputasi, walaupun masih dimungkinkan untuk mengambil topik lain di luar bidang komputasi sesuai dengan bidang prodinya, sehingga dapat dilaksanakan dengan pembimbing yang berbeda dengan tesis.
Rancangan pengelolaan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan secara umum adalah sebagai berikut:
- Supervisor requirements: TA–Tesis berkelanjutan dilaksanakan dengan pembimbing yang sama baik untuk TA maupun Tesis. Jumlah maksimum pembimbing adalah 2 orang, baik untuk TA maupun Tesis. Jika pembimbing hanya 1 orang, maka pembimbing tersebut harus eligible sebagai pembimbing utama di prodi sarjana dan Prodi Magister Informatika. Jika pembimbing 2 orang, maka salah satu pembimbing harus eligible sebagai pembimbing utama di Prodi Magister Informatika dan aturan urutan pembimbing utama dan pendamping mengikuti aturan di prodi sarjana dan Prodi Magister Informatika. Daftar dosen pembimbing untuk Prodi Magister Informatika dapat diakses pada Dosen Pembimbing Tesis Magister Informatika ITB.
- Topic requirements:
- Topik TA–Tesis berkelanjutan harus berada dalam cakupan bidang komputasi.
- Topik TA–Tesis berkelanjutan harus mempertimbangkan tingkat keilmuan dan kedalaman yang sesuai dan harus can be divided clearly target untuk proses TA di program sarjana dan target proses tesis di program magister.
- Topik TA–Tesis berkelanjutan harus sesuai dengan jalur pilihan mahasiswa di Prodi Magister Informatika.
- Topik TA–Tesis berkelanjutan dapat berasal dari para calon dosen pembimbing atau dapat berasal dari usulan mahasiswa. Jika usulan berasal dari mahasiswa, maka harus dikonsultasikan dan disetujui oleh pembimbing.
- Student data collection: sebelum semester 7 pada program sarjana mahasiswa dimulai, tim implementasi PPSM mengadakan pertemuan dan sosialisasi dengan seluruh mahasiswa peserta program PPSM yang sudah waktunya mengambil TA pada semester 7. Mahasiswa diminta untuk menyerahkan perencanaan pengambilan TA–Tesis untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang peserta-peserta yang akan mengambil TA–Tesis berkelanjutan, terutama untuk mahasiswa dari kategori semi-linier dan non-linier.
- Topic and supervisor allocation procedures:
- Untuk semua mahasiswa yang akan melaksanakan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan, tim implementasi PPSM berkoordinasi dengan semua tim pelaksana TA di semua prodi mahasiswa terkait dan tim pelaksana tesis Prodi Magister Informatika untuk mengoordinasikan pengalokasian topik TA–Tesis dan pembimbing untuk mahasiswa yang bersangkutan.
- Proses alokasi topik dan pembimbing TA–Tesis dapat menjadi kasus khusus pada pengalokasian topik dan pembimbing TA di prodi sarjana mahasiswa dan prosedurnya dapat disesuaikan dengan prosedur di prodi sarjana masing-masing dengan syarat memastikan bahwa syarat topik (lihat butir 2) dan pembimbing (lihat butir 1) terpenuhi.
- Setelah mahasiswa dialokasikan topik dan pembimbing, mahasiswa melaporkan proposal perencanaan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan yang telah ditandatangani oleh mahasiswa dan pembimbing ke tim implementasi PPSM.
- The topic and supervisor allocation process can begin before semester 7 begins and must be completed no later than the 7th week of semester 7 of the student's undergraduate program.
- Taking related courses:a. Pengambilan mata kuliah TA di prodi sarjana
- Asumsi: terdapat mata kuliah TA-I di semester 7 dan TA-II di semester 8 di setiap prodi sarjana.
- Mahasiswa melaksanakan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan porsi untuk program sarjana dengan mengikuti prosedur pelaksanaan TA di prodi masing-masing dengan catatan: dalam penyampaian proposal TA, harus dicakup juga topik dan perencanaan untuk sampai pelaksanaan Tesis.
- Mahasiswa melakukan pengambilan mata kuliah TA-I pada semester 7. Seluruh atau sebagian proses alokasi topik dan pembimbing dapat dilakukan pada semester ini.
- TA-II courses are taken in semester 8.
- Taking the Research Methodology and Thesis course This is implemented after the student changes status to a Master of Informatics student. The Research Methodology course is taken in semester 1 and the Thesis course is taken in semester 2 and is implemented according to the procedures and regulations applicable in the Master of Informatics study program.
Notes: dalam penyampaian proposal Tesis, harus disampaikan hasil-hasil dari TA yang akan dilanjutkan dalam Tesis.
- Selama pelaksanaan TA–Tesis berkelanjutan, mahasiswa tidak diperkenankan berganti topik dan pembimbing, khususnya dari TA ke Tesis. Penggantian topik atau pembimbing dapat dilaksanakan dengan alasan kedaruratan tertentu dan mengikuti prosedur yang ditetapkan oleh Prodi Magister Informatika serta diketahui oleh tim implementasi PPSM.
- Information System Cluster,
- Trusted and Smart System Cluster
- Privacy and Digital Forensics Cluster
- Smart Education Technology Cluster
- Digital Services Transformation Cluster
- Digital Security Cluster
List of Elective Courses for the Master's Program in Information Systems and Technology:
1. Information Systems Research and Profession Cluster
| No | Code | Course | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II5011 | Information System Sustainability | 4 |
| 2 | II5012 | Data Governance | 4 |
| 3 | II5013 | AI Applications for Enterprise | 4 |
| 4 | II6014 | Digital Economy | 4 |
| 5 | II6015 | Special Topics in Information Systems | 3 |
2. Trusted and Smart System Research and Profession Cluster
| No | Code | Course | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II5021 | Digital Twin | 4 |
| 2 | II5022 | Advanced Intelligence System | 4 |
| 3 | II5023 | Perception Systems and Technologies | 4 |
| 4 | II5024 | Digital Trust | 4 |
| 5 | II6025 | Human-Centered Smart System | 4 |
| 6 | II6026 | Smart System Special Topics | 3 |
3. Research and Professional Cluster of Digital Forensics and Provision
| No | Code | Course | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II5031 | Data Protection and Privacy System | 4 |
| 2 | II5032 | Information Security Governance and Management | 4 |
| 3 | II5033 | Digital Forensic Science and Engineering | 4 |
| 4 | II6034 | Advanced Cryptography and Applications | 4 |
| 5 | II6035 | Cyber Criminology and Law | 4 |
| 6 | II6036 | Digital Security Penetration Testing | 4 |
4. Smart Educational Technology Research and Profession Cluster
| No | Code | Course | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II5041 | Smart Education Technology | 4 |
| 2 | II5042 | Engineering Education | 4 |
| 3 | II5043 | Educational Game Development | 4 |
| 4 | II5044 | Multimedia Learning | 4 |
| 5 | II6045 | Educational Technology Management | 4 |
| 6 | II6046 | Philosophy of Science and Technology of Education | 4 |
5. Digital Service Transformation Research and Profession Cluster
| No | Code | Course | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II5051 | Multimedia Internet of Things | 4 |
| 2 | II5052 | Digital Service Systems Engineering | 4 |
| 3 | II5053 | Science and Technology Services | 4 |
| 4 | II6054 | Information Technology Risk Management | 4 |
| 5 | II6055 | Enterprise Architecture and Business Processes | 4 |
| 6 | II6056 | Business Continuity Planning | 4 |
6. Digital Security Research and Profession Cluster
| No | Code | Course | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II5061 | Detection and Anti-Malware | 4 |
| 2 | II5062 | Software Security | 4 |
| 3 | II5063 | Information Security Risk Management | 4 |
| 4 | II6064 | Malware Behavior and Analysis | 3 |
| 5 | II6065 | Security Operations and Incident Response | 3 |
| 6 | II6066 | Information Security Audit | 4 |
Dual Degree Program
Program Studi Magister Informatika Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika ITB melaksanakan Double Degree Program (DDP), bekerja sama dengan beberapa perguruan tinggi mitra di luar negeri. Mahasiswa peserta DDP dapat memperoleh gelar dari dua perguruan tinggi sekaligus, yaitu gelar ITB dan gelar dari perguruan tinggi mitra ITB di luar negeri.
Mahasiswa dapat memulai dari Program Studi Magister Informatika ITB dan mengikuti perkuliahan di ITB pada tahun pertama sesuai kurikulum Magister Informatika ITB, lalu melanjutkan perkuliahan di perguruan tinggi mitra di luar negeri pada tahun kedua. Hal ini berlaku sebaliknya untuk mahasiswa dari perguruan tinggi mitra, yaitu tahun pertama mengikuti perkuliahan sesuai kurikulum di program studi universitas asal, lalu melanjutkan kuliah di ITB pada tahun kedua.
Perguruan Tinggi Mitra
Pada saat ini, Program Studi Magister Informatika ITB menawarkan DDP dengan 4 perguruan tinggi mitra sebagai berikut:
- Toyohashi University of Technology – Computer Science & Engineering (Japan) DDP TUT–ITB telah dimulai secara formal dengan Agreement for Double Master’s Degrees between Toyohashi University of Technology (TUT) and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) August 18, 2023, and Addendum Agreement for Double Master’s Degrees between Computer Science and Engineering TUT and Informatics ITB August 22, 2023.
- Singapore Management University – Master of IT in Business (Singapore) Program ini sudah terdaftar pada beasiswa LPDP Program Double Degree.
- Info LPDP: https://lpdp.kemenkeu.go.id/storage/beasiswa/kebijakan-umum/file/public_policy_file_1737168598.pdf
- Other scholarships: Soegiarto Adikosoemo Postgraduate Scholarship
- Website Link: https://masters.smu.edu.sg/programme/master_of_it_in_business/community-stories/bridging_borders_and_minds_smuitb_double
- Grand Valley State University – College of Computing
- La Trobe University
Information for Foreign Students
1. Study Permit & Visa Application
Necessary documents: https://partnership.itb.ac.id/pre-arrival/
Visa Fee: IDR 6,500,000.00 (subject to change)
Process flow:
| Party | Procedures |
|---|---|
| Applicant | Receive the Letter of Acceptance (LoA) from ITB. |
| Applicant | Send all required documents to IRO ITB.
Necessary documents: https://partnership.itb.ac.id/pre-arrival/ After IRO ITB receives all required documents, it takes 2–3 months for your study permit and visa. Visa fee is about 6.5–9 million IDR. |
| . | Process study permit online to Director of Institutional Affairs, DIKTI, Jakarta.
After obtaining a study permit from DIKTI, proceed with online application for E-Visa C-316 to the Directorate General of Immigration, Jakarta. |
| Applicant | Receive E-Visa C-316 approval from The International Relations Office Institut Teknologi Bandung (IRO ITB). |
2. Guide for ITB Accommodation
ITB Student dormitory information: https://asrama.ditsp.itb.ac.id/asrama/1/
Necessary information & documents: photo, phone number, birthday, birthplace, current address (with postcode), guardian name, guardian phone number, and emergency contact.
Process flow:
| Party | Procedures |
|---|---|
| Applicant | Provide all required information to SEEI Office.
After SEEI Office receives all required information, it takes 1–2 weeks. Dormitory rent is about 1.5 million IDR per month. |
| . | The Directorate of Facilities and Infrastructure, through the Housing Service Section. |
| Applicant | Receive accommodation confirmation from STEI officer. |
Master's Program in Information Systems and Technology News
Administration Form
Administration Form
- Academic Planning Preparation Administration
- Re-registration and Study Plan Service
- Parallel Class Transfer Service
- Final Project/Thesis Defense Service
- Certificate/Statement Letter Service
- Legalization Service for Transcripts, Diplomas, and Diploma Translations
- Student Achievement Tracking
- Request for Support for Student and Student Association Activities
Rules and Guidelines
Contact
Contact Us
Master Program in Information Systems and Technology
Labtek VIII/Gedung Achmad Bakrie, Jl. II, Lebak Siliwangi, Coblong, Bandung City, West Java 40132
Admin Prodi: Lili Sulaeman Yusup, S.T.
Phone/WA : +62-822-2999-6573
Parking at ITB
Vehicles on the ITB campus are restricted to employees and special guests. There are three main parking facilities:
There are three main parking facilities, namely:
- Sasana Budaya Ganesha (Sabuga) is the largest parking area for four-wheeled and two-wheeled vehicles.
Access to this parking area can be reached from Jalan Taman Sari or Jalan Siliwangi. - Parkir Timur (SR) provides limited parking for four-wheeled and two-wheeled vehicles. This parking area is open 24/7, except on major holidays.
Parkir ini buka 24/7, kecuali pada hari-hari besar. - Parkir Barat (Civil) is specifically for two-wheeled vehicle users.







